1.加法运算定律:a+b=b+a (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
2.减法运算性质:a-b-c=a-(b+c) a-b-c=a-c-b
3.加减混合同级换位法:a+b-c=a-c+b (注意:换位时数字前的符号同数字一起搬家)
4.加减法添加括号原则:a+(b-c+d)=a+b-c+d a-(b+c-d)=a-b-c+d
(注意:括号前面是“+”,舔去括号不变号;括号前面是“-”,舔去括号全变号,变为逆运算符号。)
5.加减分解凑整法:将一个数适当的转化为 n 个数差或和,运用加法定律或加减法添加括号原则进行计算.
【对应经典考题】
1.加法运算定律:0.9+1.08+0.92+0.1
2.减法运算性质: 18.76-3.47-0.53
32.54-0.76-4.54
3.加减混合同级换位法:18.76+0.64-8.76
4.加减法添加括号原则:9.25—(7.25—3.09)
43.81+(56.19-25)
32+4.9-0.9
1. 加减分解凑整法:175.23-99.3
58.47+9.8
148.8+200.7
答案:
1. 加法运算定律:
0.9+1.08+0.92+0.1
=(0.9+0.1)+(1.08+0.92)
=1+2
=3
2. 减法运算性质:
18.76-3.47-0.53
=18.76-(3.47+0.53)
=18.76-4
=14.76
32.54-0.76-4.54
=32.54-4.54-0.76
=28-0.76
=27.24
3. 加减混合同级换位法:
18.76+0.64-8.76
=18.76-8.76+0.64
=10+0.64
=10.64
4. 加减法添加括号原则:
9.25-(7.25-3.09)
=9.25-7.25+3.09
=2+3.09
=5.09
43.81+(56.19-25)
= 43.81+56.19-25
=100-25
=75
32+4.9-0.9
=32+(4.9-0.9)
=32+4
=36
5. 加减分解凑整法:
175.23-99.3
=175.23-(100-0.7)
=175.23-100+0.7
= 75.23+0.7
=75.93
58.47+9.8
=58.47+(10-0.2)
=58.47+10-0.2
=68.47-0.2
=68.27
148.8+200.7
=148.8+200+0.7
=348.8+0.7
=349.5
辨析:上面所归纳的小数加、减法简算方法对整数、分数也同样适用。在简便运算学习中既要掌握简算技能,明了算理,也要在简算的过程中巧用基础知识,灵活变式,正确合理进行简便计算。